Natalia's Current Event

 Earth Science                                                                                                        Natalia Kaminski

Current Event Report #1                                                                        Due: March 25, 2014

            Recently, a third independent model had been created to examine the potential consequences a nuclear war would have on the planet Earth. They have found that even a small regional nuclear war could have a huge impact on the Earth’s climate, ozone layer, and droughts. When there were world superpowers during the years of the Cold War, nuclear wars were a major threat. Consequences of a nuclear war, between such powers, include what is known as a “nuclear winter.” This would cause huge fires with dust and ash that would blot out the sun, which would result in a “twilight at noon.” This would lead to crop failures and starvation, which many people could potentially die from. Today, an event such as this one is unlikely, however, smaller nuclear wars are still very possible between countries such as India and Pakistan. Scientists created a study of the effects a nuclear war would have on climate by modeling a war between India and Pakistan. They used 100 Hiroshima-level bombs and created interactions “within and between the atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice components of the Earth’s climate system.” They found that even a nuclear event taking place on the other side of the planet could effect global climate for at least a decade. After such a war, average global surface temperatures would drop about 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit. North America, for example, would experience a 4.5 to 10.8 degrees Fahrenheit temperature drop in the winter, and a cooler summer by 1.8 to 7.2 degrees. Furthermore, destruction of the ozone layer has also been a detected consequence. Ash and heat from the nuclear explosions would intensely heat the stratosphere, resulting in chemical reactions that would be harmful to the ozone layer. Ulraviolet radiation would greatly increase and reach the Earth’s surface more easily, putting human health and agriculture at a greater risk. Additionally, the drop in temperature would be especially dangerous in regions, such as the Amazon, where lack of rainfall would massive fires.  With their supporting evidence and studies, scientists believe that they will further the elimination of nuclear on Earth today. Yet, many out of the 17,000 nuclear weapons that still exist today are much more powerful than the 100 that were tested in the model.

            The evidence from these studies is a crucial part to arguing against nuclear weapons and nuclear wars. Not only will this affect the territory and people of one area, but also it will clearly have a major impact on the rest of the planet. Continuing this research could greatly contribute to the elimination of the nuclear weapons left on this planet. The experiment has been approached several times, and every time, the results have revealed more ways that a nuclear war could be destructive to our planet as a whole. Although the threat of superpowers battling each other no longer exists, nuclear wars between “developing-world nuclear powers” would be a serious, global issue. Overall, this research can provide a defense for why nuclear weapons are not necessary on this planet.

            I think the author of the article did a good job of providing evidence and support of the topic. I did not mind that it was a brief article because I was able to get a general sense of the “cause and effect” of this matter. There were some things that were somewhat unclear to me such as the “twilight at noon” or the chemical reactions due to a heated stratosphere, but then again, it was somewhat of a brief article. I also liked that the author gave an explanation of what nuclear wars meant and what their consequences were in times like the Cold War.  Overall, I learned something completely new by reading this article. I have never been too interested in nuclear bombs or weapons, but it was very interesting to learn the impacts they could potentially have on someone even on the other side of the world.

Choi, Charles Q., and LiveScience Contributor. "'Small' Nuclear War Could Trigger Catastrophic Cooling." LiveScience. N.p., 26 Mar. 2014. Web. 26 Mar. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F44380-small-nuclear-war-could-trigger-catastrophic-cooling.html>.

Thomas Neville E Sci IH Current Event #1C Even

Citation: Vergano, Dan. "Dwarf Planet Discovery Hints at Hidden World Orbiting Solar System."National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 26 Mar. 2014. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140326-dwarf-planet-2012-vp113-astronomy/?rptregcta=reg_free_np&rptregcampaign=20131016_rw_membership_n1p_us_se_w#finished

Dwarf Planet Discovery Hints at Hidden World Orbiting Solar System

     A new celestial body has been discovered roughly 80 AU from the sun. 2012 VP113, referred to affectionately as “Biden” by astronomers, is the second planet-like object discovered within the Oort cloud, the first being an ice dwarf named Sedna that was discovered in 2003. The Oort cloud is a collection of comets and frozen ice crystals that exist at the very edge of our solar system that extends an estimated 1,000 AU. The discovery of “Biden” proves what the discovery of Sedna suggested: that planets and planet like objects do exist within the Oort cloud, a possibility that was doubted by many astronomers who viewed the original discovery of Sedna as a fluke. Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from the discovery of VP113 is evidence of even more planetoids lurking within the Oort cloud. Astronomers have observed gravitational pulls influencing VP113’s orbit that suggests undiscovered celestial bodies within the Oort cloud. Some Astronomers even say that a few of these planetoids could potentially earn the right to be called a planet in its own right. However, even if there are more objects like Sedna or VP113 in the Oort cloud, most of them are probably hundreds of AU out into space due to the fact that both Sedna and VP113 have extremely high eccentricity with the perihelion distance of VP113 at 80 AU while its Aphelion distance is nearly 470 AU. The only reason we can see VP113 right now is because it is approaching its perihelion, if it were much farther in space we wouldn’t ever notice it. So even if there is another planet out there in the Oort cloud, it may just be too far away for us to ever know it’s there.

     I picked this article because of the potential significance this discovery could have on how we define our solar system and because I feel that the Oort cloud is a sort of final frontier for astronomers observing our solar system. I feel that many of the next major astronomical discoveries within our solar system will be made inside the Oort cloud because I think that the most exciting discoveries come from the places we know the least about and when it comes to our solar system there is no place we know less about than the Oort cloud.

     My article was from NatGeo so it was pretty well doe in terms of research and details. I really liked how the article referenced not only VP113 but also Sedna and even Pluto and how they could have at one time all orbited around the same planet. It was a fascinating part of that article that really didn’t need to be there to get the point across but still added substance and variety to the piece. The article didn’t leave me with a feeling of awe about just how far away VP113 is. The author kind of just threw statistics at me with a brief explanation of what they meant, which was boring and I usually get blown away by the scale of the universe. So if I, a High School Sophomore, were to criticize the author, a senior science correspondent at a major magazine, on one thing it would be that he never shocked me with his numbers and that he needs to learn how to present his statistics on space in a way that will leave the audience in awe at the grandeur of the universe.

current event

Yusrah Seddiki                                                                                               March 28, 2014

Earth Science 10h                                                                                           Current Event

                                    ATERIOD FOUND WITH RINGS!

"Asteroid Found with Rings! First-of-Its-Kind Discovery Stuns Astronomers (Video, Images)." Space.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

Link: http://www.space.com/25225-asteroid-rings-discovery-video-images.html         

                  

The article I chose, by Nola Taylor Redd, talk about a stunning discovery made by scientists in the outer realm of the solar system. They established an asteroid with its own set of rings that orbits the sun between Saturn and Uranus. According to researchers, this is the first non-planetary space rock object ever to have its own ring system. The name of the asteroid with rings is Chariklo. Chariklo is the largest of the centaurs, several bodies in the outer solar system whose orbits cross — and are changed by — the outer planets. Agreeing to a new study unveiled today, March 27.2014, its rings were most likely formed after a collision’s scattered debris. The collision that likely created Chariklo's rings would have had to have been a slow-moving impact. These rings also propose the presence of a still till-undiscovered moon around Chariklo. From the surface of the asteroid, "they would be two spectacular sharp and really bright rings, crossing all the sky," Braga-Ribas said. Matching the data assembled from seven different telescopes, the team was able to classify the shape, size and placement of Chariklo’s rings. It comprises of a dense, 4-mile-wide (7 km) ring near the planet, and a smaller 2-mile-wide (3 km) ring farther out. The rings are related to those around Saturn, both are very dense, bright and possibly formed by rock and water ice. Yet, their scales differ from one another. "The whole Chariklo system would fit about 12 times in the Cassini Division," Braga-Ribas said, referring to the largest gap in Saturn's rings.

On a wider scale, this rigid asteroid can help scientists to understand more about galaxies. Asteroids have little impact on the current earth. It is believed that planet level extinction events were caused by asteroid or comet impacts. Astronomers are observing this asteroid with seven telescopes; two in Chile and the rest in South America. This asteroid orbits the sun beyond Saturn. Some predictions had shown that Chariklo will pass in front of a faint star, as seen from South America in June 2013. This may allow astronomers observe the stars brightness drop. Observations conclude that Chariklo’s rings are very narrow. It is unbelievable for scientists to see small bodies like Chariklo can maintain their own ring system.

Reading this article, I think it was very well written. It answered approximately all possible questions one can have on this topic. I thought this article was well detailed and went in depth with certain points. I liked how the author compared the asteroid Charklo to other planets in the solar system. I think the author could have connected this asteroid to earth, stating whether it can ever affect earth in a way or if it can have an effect on our solar system, or even if the rings can have an effect on the asteroid itself. Other than that, I consider this article to be very interesting and informational. 

Sean Ryan

3/26/14

Earth Science

C-Even

Parker, Will. "Interesting Science News And Discussion." Interesting Science News And Discussion. Penn State, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

       Mug shots from DNA possible, say scientists

     My current event will be on DNA, which we already know can tell us about the sex and ancestry of unknown people. This topic which I chose can be very important, especially by giving Police an advantage in catching the culprits. This revolutionary discovery is being worked on by an International team. Their mission is to use DNA to find what a person face would look like. To do this study these researches used people of mixed West African and European ancestry from the U.S., Brazil and Cape Verde. Next the researches placed a grid on 3-D images of the faces, and measured the spatial coordinates of the grid points. They then used the relationship between the variation of the faces and the effects of sex, genomic ancestry and genes that affected the shape of the head and face. To identify the genes, the researchers observed known genetic mutations that cause facial and cranial deformation because these genes in their typical variations could also affect the head and face. Though this invention is not complete yet, it could serve to be very effective in the future. In many cases where detectives find DNA, but not from a person with a record, they are stumped unless they have any other leads. With this invention, it could be it a lot easier to find who the criminal of the crime is, especially if he is a relative, neighbor or friend of the victim.

     I chose this article because of the possibility it has to impact the future. DNA, which can be used for many different things such as paternity testing, solving trial cases such as murder, and determining  health problems in an unborn fetus. It can also be used to reunite lost siblings or families and establish the origins of a species. It hopefully will soon be able to provide pictures of the people with that DNA, so that things listed above can be more likely to be solved quicker.

     I though this short article was written very well. It gave me information on what their plan was to do with the DNA, and informed me on what steps they had already taken to get there. I would have liked though to have learned about what DNA, has already achieved, since I found that information in another source.

Lain Miller 

Current Events March 25th 

Rao, Joe. "'Comets of the Centuries': 500 Years of the Greatest Comets Ever Seen." Space.com.              Skywatching Columnist, 23 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2014.

Link: http://www.space.com/24069-greatest-comets-of-past-centuries.html

            I chose to read the article “Comets of the Centuries: 500 Years of the Greatest Comets Ever Seen” by Joe Roa because I found an interest to research and investigate comets more, when we learned about them in lab. So I thought a great way to do this would be to learn about some of the most famous comets yet to be recorded. This article provides a list of the most famous comets from the sixteenth to the twentieth century. First is, The Great Comet of 1577, which appeared on November 1^st in Peru and was sighted across the world until it finally dropped out of the view of the naked eye on January 26^th 1578. It was 16.7 million miles from the sun at its perihelion (or closest point to the surface of the sun) on October 27^th and took 5 days to be sighted. The next comet is, The Great Comet of 1680, discovered by the German astronomer, Gottfried Kirch, making him the first astronomer to discover a comet with a telescope, on November 14^th 1680. At its perihelion on December 18^th it was 128 thousand miles from the sun’s surface. At its greatest magnitude, the tail measured 90 degrees. It was visible until February 1681. The Great Comet of 1744 is known to be sighted by Philippe Loys De Chesaux on November 29^th 1743 and remained visible past March of 1744. At it’s most the magnitude of the comet was -7 on February 27^th. At its perihelion on March 1^st it measured 20.5 million miles from the sun. At one point, in March, it was sighted to have 6 tails. Both Comets of 1680 and 1744 were noted to be equivalent to Venus in brightness and visibility, while the comet of 1744 rivaled Sirius, the brightest star in the sky. The Great September Comet of 1822 first spotted on September 1^st by a group of Italian sailors and was visible in daylight from September fourteenth to late December. At its Perihelion on December 17^th it measured 275 thousand miles from the sun. The comets is referred to as a “Super Comet” and perhaps one of the brightest comets ever to be seen, its radiance was described as scarcely fainter than the limb of the sun, and its magnitude registered 1,000 times brighter than the full moon. In the end it exploded, with it’s nucleus separating into at least 4 parts. Comet Ikeya-Seki of 1965 was the greatest comet of the 20^th century. At its perihelion on October 21^st it measured 744 thousand miles from the sun. It was described as “10 times brighter than the full moon” by its Japan-based discoverer. Its magnitude corresponded to -15 degrees and its nucleus broke into two parts. It was discovered just before it’s perihelion and dominated the sky until late November. Both the comets of 1965 and 1822 were members of the Kreuz Sungrazing Group of Comets. The greatest comet of the twentieth century would have been ISON thus far, but it fizzled and turned out to be a dud, but the century is only 14 years old, so we continue to wait.

            Throughout all of these amazing comets, there are many strong commonalities. Firstly the discoveries of the comets seem to always come up around October or November. These Comets stay visible into the sky until only about a month after their perihelion, making the first half of their journey (in our view) much longer than the second half. Two of them, the comets of 1680 and 1744 were noted to be equivalent to Venus in brightness and visibility. And the last two comets, the comets of 1965 and 1822, were members of the Kreuz Sungrazing Group of Comets. Meaning that some of the closest comets to the sun were the most modern. And they were both had their nucleus’ explode. The last two were described as more bright than the descriptions in the first two, suggesting that comets may be getting brighter or more powerful, which is something we should look into. Four out of the five comets were closer to the end of their centuries, which helps explain why we have yet to see a major comet in the twenty first century. It is very important for us to take not of the comets we see in the sky so that we may see the patterns of their orbits. Comets have an olyptical orbit (very oval/eccentric) where there perihelion (distance closest to the sun) and aphelion (farthest distance from the sun) are very off balance, which is why we see some comets twice in a decade and then not again for thousands of years. Their orbits can range from 200-100000000 years. Their orbits help give us an idea of the vastness in the solar system. It allowed us to discover that comets came from other parts of the solar system, which are millions of miles away and yet to be seen, such as The Oort Cloud and The Kuiper Belt.

            I thought this article was an interesting approach to an article on comets. I think it is very important to be aware of some of the most famous comets in history, but I also recognize that they are slightly opinion based and bias toward the author’s favorites, not an official “most popular” comet. I also realize that this article is one year old so there may have been more popular comets after the ISON comet. I believe the author had a good division between the centuries, but it was written more so in sections than an actually essay format which makes it look less professional. I liked the author’s consistency in putting the statistics for their discovery, visibility dates, and their perihelion distance, but I thought he was inconsistent with the degree of the comet’s tail, which he mentioned in the first centuries, but should have continued in the other centuries. I also thought he could have gone on to analyze some of the commonalities such as the similar times of year they are in the sky and lack of visibility soon after the perihelion. He also could have given some background on comets by saying something like; “Sir Edmund Halley first proposed the idea of comets in 1704 as re-occurring objects in the sky from leftover debris from the formation of the solar system. They are known as ‘dirty snowballs’ because they are small icy objects with rock”. Overall I though it was a very unique article and enjoyed the author’s friendly yet informative and descriptive writing style.

Current Event Report: Autism

Charles Vorbach                                                                         March 21, 2014 

Earth Science/CD Odd                                                               Mrs. McClellan

Lord, Catherine. "Autism: Human Social Behavior and Communication." Stavros Niarchos Foundation:     Brain Insight Lectures. Columbia University / Miller Theatre 2960 Broadway (at 116th Street),             New York City. 19 Mar. 2014. Lecture.

My current event report is on the lecture “Autism: Human Social Behavior and Communication” held as part of Columbia University’s Brain Month. The presenter Catherine Lord is a behavioral scientist heading the New York Presbyterian’s Center for Autism and the Developing Brain and discussed the need for neuroscience to study autism. The lecture began with the symptoms of autism. Autism is such a broad spectrum of associated conditions that to create a standard measure of severity, scientists have begun using a universal test where a child is observed playing with certain toys. Comparing videos of young children completing these tests, the presenter demonstrated how repetitive behaviors and social disability group all autism spectrum orders. This test is key to bringing the study of Autism to more quantitative sciences. To date, behavioral science alone has successfully treated autism. However, early intervention, and skills practice have a limited ability to only treat autism’s symptoms. Other fields, such as genetics or neuroscience, which could treat the cause more effectively have been frustrated by the difficulties in producing quantifiable results, and the multitude of factors involved in the disease. With only social disability and repetitive behavior unifying the spectrum, autism’s symptoms are varied, and deeply affected by the individual’s environment. On the other side, the causes are as diverse. Autism is associated with having an older mother, being middle class, and being born with a variation of the MET gene among countless others factors.  However, there is hope. The universal autism test now allows for far more quantifiable results and larger data pools. Technological innovation has also caused bounds in studying autism. Conscious MRI scans allow for an inside image of the brain, researchers could only dream of before. Finally, study can not help but clarify our knowledge of autism. Most recently discovered is how random “junk” DNA variations can be critical in causing autism. With enough time and effort, Autism will be understood on the most basic level, and cured.

           

            Autism is a debilitating disease which cripples more than one percent of the United States, but now neuroscience promises to end it. This huge number, around three million people, doesn’t include the many who go unreported, or the family members who are affected. The social cost is enormous, with suffering individuals often unable to care for themselves or understand normal social interaction. Even those slightly autistic are handicapped. To assist these people, a cure must be found. While behavioral science has been able to adapt suffers of autism to normal life and genetics to measure the probability of its occurrence, only neuroscience can change problem itself. Both other sciences are drowned in the many causes and effects of autism. In the brain the causes turn effects. If neuroscientists can find what all the causes become effects or what trace the source of the symptoms, they almost certainly will be able to treat it.  By finding and solving that single problem, neuroscience has the potential to eliminate autism and save millions.

            The lecture “Autism: Human Social Behavior and Communication” was well done, but could be slightly improved. The presentation was interesting because it showed the presenter’s study of autistic children, and brought up breakthroughs she had made. The presenter clearly illustrated the characteristics of autism across age and severity levels in an engaging way by showing videos. However, the point of the lecture became less clear as it progressed. She spent nearly half of the time discussing the value of her universal test, and only touched on the use of neuroscience in studying autism rarely. If the presentation was more focused on the topic, and the presenter clarified how each evidence connected to neuroscience’s role, the lecture would delivered more of a point, been more informative, and easier for the audience to understand.

            Two amazing science news websites, which balance technical understanding with clarity for the general public well, are http://www.sciencedaily.com/ and http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/.

Katherine Marrinan: Colliding Comets

Katherine Marrinan
March 19, 2014
Earth Science C/Even
Mrs. McClellan

"Colliding Comets"

Citation: "Colliding Comets." NASA. NASA, 6 Mar. 2014. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nearby-stars-icy-debris-suggests-shepherd-planet/#.Uyowfyi5IyF>.

The article I chose for my current event was about a star that an international team of astronomers were studying using an array in Chile. The star has a disk of gas around it, and the article writes that it the astronomers have also uncovered a compact cloud, which is made up of poisonous gas. This poisonous and gaseous cloud is made up of collisions of a swarm of icy, comet-like bodies, with tons of dust and carbon monoxide gas. The astronomers exploring this unusual cloud could be the following: a remnant of a crash between two icy worlds the size of Mars or frozen debris trapped by the gravity of a planet that has not yet been discovered. Scientists used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile to discover this amazing star. Using the array, the astronomers found out the star is pretty far, being located about 63 lightyears away. However, the star is not very old at all. It is quite young, at being 20 million years old and has been discovered to be having the brightest, youngest, and even closest debris disks. Aki Roberge, a team member of the group of astronomers, reported that the gas is very toxic, and it is one of the many gases found in comets. Also much of the gas cloud is located at about 8 billion miles from the star. The planet to be discovered is named Beta Pictoris b, and then there is Beta Pictoris which is basically a large comet. Bill Dent, who is part of Joint ALMA Office in Santiago, Chile, studied the CO molecules around the large comet. 

The discovery of this unknown star  and its gassy clouds could be very good for NASA and other space-studying organizations to look at. The star is not very far so it can be easy to look for, and space programs can observe the collisions of the comet bodies in the poisonous cloud. This would be a very good example of a cloud to send a space probe to. Also, there could be an unknown planet, which could be amazing for scientists and astronomers to look at and study all around the world. For example, the planet could possibly (most likely not) be adaptable for certain types of organisms. Also, since it is in an icy atmosphere, there could be water, where very small forms of live could live. This is could be a great project for scientists. If they could, a space probe could possibly get materials from this unusual atmosphere and study it in their labs to look at their composition and their shape. 

Overall, I thought this article was extremely interesting to read about, because there could be a new planet existing in our universe. It was a fun read because I learned that there could be a new planet and that a cloud was made up of colliding comets. Also the title really did explain itself in the article! They included a video which was very interesting to watch and to learn what else goes on in space. It was very fascinating to read about a huge cloud surrounding a small star, and then having it be a very poisonous cloud. Also, the array was new to me, and it seems like a very good piece of technology to study what happens very far beyond our solar system. Including pictures and a radar of the CO concentration was very interesting and helpful because it could help with getting a better understanding about this amazing event in history. Overall, this article was a very interesting read and I hope to learn more about what astronomers discover where the star is and its cloud.  

Current Event #1

Maria Louka                                                                                                             3/14/14

Earth Science                                                                                               C Block Mrs. McClellan

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26553115

Redfern, Simon. "Mineral Hints at Bright Blue Rocks Deep in the Earth." BBC News. N.p., 12 Mar. 2014. Web. 18 Mar. 2014. <http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26553115>.

            Kimberlites are a type of volcanic rock, which erupt and then bring up to the Earth’s surface diamonds. Professor Graham Pearson, from the University of Alberta, was recently studying a type of diamond that had erupted from a 100-million-year-old kimberlite. This diamond was found in Juina, Brazil, and is thought to be very rare. Soon after beginning to research this diamond, Pearson and his team found that the diamond contained ringwoodite. Ringwoodite is a type of mineral that forms only under 410 to 600 kilometers under the Earth’s surface. This helped scientists come to the understanding of “how deep” some diamonds come from (how far down the Earth they are). One very interesting thing the scientists found about the ringwoodite is that it contains 1% water. But if this ringwoodite is so far down and it makes up a big part of the “deep Earth,” that means that the “deep Earth,” is covered in lots of water. The Earth’s interior is then very wet. Water is present at the lithosphere and goes through the upper mantle all the way down to where these diamonds are found. A lot of this ringwoodite is found in a place called the “transition zone,” right before the lower mantle and under the upper mantle. This is where the ringwoodite is believed to be and this area is believed to be filled with water or practically a “huge ocean.” This discovery of the ringwoodite is a very big step for us because it is the first evidence that water could be stored in the deep interiors of planets. This has been an ongoing controversy for about 25 years now (whether the deep Earth is wet or dry). Professor Joseph Smyth has been studying ringwoodite for many years and he says about this discovery that it “implies that hydrogen may control the interior processes of the Earth just as it controls the surface processes.” In addition it suggests that there may be more water planets in our galaxy because ringwoodite is also found in meteorites. Meteorites are from space so there may be more ringwoodite in space on various planets (they believe that Mars has ringwoodite).

            This ringwoodite really fascinates me and I think it is so cool how there is so much water deep in the Earth that we barely even knew about. This idea of whether the deep interior of the Earth is wet or dry has been an idea of debate for many years now. But finally the idea of the debate has been solved. This helps show us that there is lots of water deep down in the “deep Earth,” showing us how much water there really is on Earth (more than we ever thought) and this could potentially help solve water problems we have (droughts) one day. This discovery helps us to come to all new conclusions about science and what the “center of the earth” might really look like. Earth is primarily considered a water planet because the Earth’s surface is made up of 70% water. Ringwoodite in many cases is found in meteorites. This shows us that there may be many more “water planets,” in our galaxy. Meteorites originate in space. If ringwoodite is all over space that means that water is all over space. This is one step to us learning about if planets are habitable and if one-day humans could live on them or if there are any living creatures on these planets. If there is ringwoodite on planets that means that there is water on these planets (most likely). Scientists think that there may have been plate tectonics on various planets that caused this ringwoodite to go deep into the interior of these planets. If the ringwoodite was so far down into our Earth because of plate tectonics that forced it to go so deep, then there may be lots of ringwoodite on other planets that is just concealed as of now. It took a long time for them to recover this ringwoodite from the diamonds in Earth, so it will most likely take astronomers and various scientists a long time to discover the diamonds on another planet in our galaxy. Scientists believe that there is ringwoodite on Mars as well.

            I think this article was well written, but there are a few criticisms I would have to make. First off, the author talks about how ringwoodite contains water and this suggests that there may be water all over space, but does not elaborate much on this. I viewed other articles on this ringwoodite and they elaborate more on the galaxy side of ringwoodite and what it could mean. If the ringwoodite is in various planets it could be a huge discovery for science. The main point about the article is how these minerals are deep in the Earth, but I think a little elaboration on the planet portion would have been better. In addition, the article doesn’t elaborate much on how this water could help our Earth. It talks about how it is deep down and it has a lot of water in it, but how could this help Earth and humans in the future? Another thing I would have liked the article to talk more about is what they are doing to try and recover more ringwoodite and what technologies they are working on to try and dig deeper into the Earth. This ringwoodite and its water could seriously help the world and imagine what else might be down there that could help us too.